• Consequence of Climate change on agricultural            production

Climate change have affect numerous sectors and productive environments, including agriculture. Agriculture both contributes to climate change and is affected by climate change. Climate change have consequences on the agricultural productions directly and indirectly. The impacts of climate change on agriculture can no longer be ignored as agricultural production is largely dependent on the amount of water available, and dry-land farmers that rely on rain-fed farming for their livelihood are particularly vulnerable. Climate change impacts on agriculture resulting in the decline in crop and livestock yield.

 Impacts of climate change on crop and livestock production encompass:

• Shortening of maturity period and decrease in crop yield;
• Affect quantity and quality of crops
• Changes in the nutritional quality of some foods
• Change in livestock feed availability;
• Effects on animal health, growth and reproduction;
• Impacts on quality and quantity of forage crops;
• Depressing animals’ adaptive response mechanisms,
• Altering the spread and prevalence of diseases
• Causing heat stress and related welfare issues ;
  • Methods to control climate change effect on agricultural production
• Efficient Irrigation Management

Conserving water use is vital to any farm, particularly in times of drought. But given that the majority of energy use on farms is from groundwater pumping, irrigation efficiency is also key to reducing fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Water- and climate-wise farmers can use a store of methods to save water—and reduce energy consumption—such as using drip irrigation, planting cover crops, dry farming, and more.

• Renewable Energy

Maximizing energy efficiency and shifting away from fossil fuels are important steps that farms can take to reduce their climate footprint. This can include on-farm renewable energy production such as solar panels and wind turbines, minimizing use of petroleum-based fertilizers and pesticides, and reducing dependence on fossil fuel inputs for farming, storage, and transportation of crops.

• Organic Practices

Since the middle of the twentieth century, the industrialization of agriculture has led to widespread dependence on petroleum-based pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers in conventional farming. Organic farming prohibits most synthetic inputs, which means reduced GHG emissions, as well as cleaner soil, water, and food. Furthermore, organic and sustainable techniques bring additional benefits for farmers, such as increased soil health and fertility, which leads to additional climate-friendly benefits.

• Increasing Soil Health

A major set of sustainable practices that shows great potential for mitigating and even helping to reverse the effects of climate change is carbon farming. Through photosynthesis, plants serve as carbon sinks to draw CO2 out of the atmosphere. About 40% of that carbon then gets deposited into the soil, where it feeds microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and nematodes. Those creatures, in return, give mineral nutrients to the plants, providing a natural fertilizer. Farms can support this process of carbon sequestration by increasing plant matter and building soil fertility through practices such as compost application, planting cover crops, and reduced or no-till cultivation, efficient use of crop pasts and disease control and efficient use of nitrogen.

• Keeping Agriculture Green

Land management practices such as reforesting rangelands, restoring riparian zones, and planting hedgerows and other perennial plants serve many benefits, such as providing shelter for wildlife, beautifying farms, and attracting beneficial insects for pollination and natural pest control. On the climate front, trees, shrubs, and other woody vegetation also store carbon in their biomass, protect the soil from erosion, and conserve water.

• Reducing Livestock Methane Emissions

Agriculture is responsible for GHG emissions, and methane emissions from beef and dairy livestock are the primary source. Through anaerobic decomposition, manure lagoons on industrial dairy and cattle farms (concentrated animal feeding operations) create harmful emissions and pollute our water supply. Holistic pasture-based livestock management through practices like rotational grazing can help to mitigate this impact, since grasses provide high-quality forage that is better for cattle’s digestion, while their hooves break up soil and manure as they move through rangelands helps to fertilize the soil.

• Protecting Farmland

Farms feed us. Farmland conservation also preserves local food sources, protects wildlife habitat, and promotes biodiversity, among other climate-friendly impacts. Farmers engage in many different conservation practices that help preserve the farm land. It means using less resources and having less of an effect on the land, like no-till, putting fences around streams, planting cover crops, collecting water runoff, integrating crop and pasture rotations and other.

• Use of drought tolerate crop and livestock breed

Drought is the single greatest threat to farms around the world, as agriculture requires more water than any other industry on earth. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations estimates that by 2025 approximately 480 million people in Africa could be living in areas of water scarcity. To prepare for this challenge, scientists are researching drought tolerant crop and livestock traits. For example, the Water-Efficient Maize and, drought tolerate cattle and sheep.

• Supporting Farmers Markets and Local Food

To transport farm products to long distance the transporting materials like ships, cars and others uses fossil fuels and other natural resources, and generates GHG emissions.  But, when farmers sell directly at the farmers market or through other local distribution channels, food is transported shorter distances, conserving those resources .Supporting local farmers at the farmers market keeps farming viable, so that farmers can stay on their land and be successful growing food that sustains us while caring for the earth.

• Pushing for Climate-Friendly Policies

There are many ways to support climate-friendly farming on the ground, but reducing the damage of climate change and building climate resilience will require major policy changes. Currently, world is actively working to advance climate-smart agricultural policies, including incentives, technical assistance, and research to support farmland conservation, healthy soils, water stewardship, renewable energy, and other practices. As citizens, we can stand with climate-wise farmers to protect our future by urging our legislators to take action now.